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Background  A large proportion of the flowers and ovules of plants do not develop into fruits and seeds. Plant reproduction may be limited because of pollen limitation and resource limitation.  Medicago sativa  L. is an ecologically important species in northwest China. We conducted a pollen supplementation experiment to determine the degree of pollen limitation in this species and detect the possible effects of resource allocation on pollen supplementation. We crossed two factors, pollen level (natural condition and hand pollinated) and resource level (control, water added, and fertilizer added), to estimate the effects of pollen addition and resource limitation on the opening of flowers and seed set. We also analyzed the floral characters, visitation frequency of pollinators and pollinator activity to estimate the effect of pollinators on the reproduction of  M. sativa .    Results  Our results indicated that addition of pollen to some flowers did not divert resources from other flowers and that the addition of pollen boosted the seed set per flower, with no effect on flower number. The primary effect of resource limitation was on the number of flowers produced; however, there was no significant effect on seed set per flower. These findings showed that pollen limitation was an important limiting factor for seed set. In addition,  Andrena lebedevi  Popov was identified as the most effective pollinator, and pollinator visiting and activity affected reproduction success in  M. sativa .    Conclusions  We found outcrossing was dominant in the breeding system and insect pollination played an important role in outcrossing. These findings have identified the dominant factor influencing seed set of  M. sativa . This study aspires to contribute to a better understanding of pollen limitation, resource limitation and reproductive success.

Pollen limitation and resource limitation affect the reproductive success of Medicago sativa L.