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Background  The importance of intraspecific trait variation (ITV) is increasingly acknowledged among plant ecologists. However, our understanding of what drives ITV between individual plants (ITV BI ) at the population level is still limited. Contrasting theoretical hypotheses state that ITV BI  can be either suppressed (stress-reduced plasticity hypothesis) or enhanced (stress-induced variability hypothesis) under high abiotic stress. Similarly, other hypotheses predict either suppressed (niche packing hypothesis) or enhanced ITV BI  (individual variation hypothesis) under high niche packing in species rich communities. In this study we assess the relative effects of both abiotic and biotic niche effects on ITV BI  of four functional traits (leaf area, specific leaf area, plant height and seed mass), for three herbaceous plant species across a 2300 km long gradient in Europe. The study species were the slow colonizing  Anemone nemorosa , a species with intermediate colonization rates,  Milium effusum , and the fast colonizing, non-native  Impatiens glandulifera .    Results  Climatic stress consistently increased ITV BI  across species and traits. Soil nutrient stress, on the other hand, reduced ITV BI  for  A. nemorosa  and  I. glandulifera , but had a reversed effect for  M. effusum . We furthermore observed a reversed effect of high niche packing on ITV BI  for the fast colonizing non-native  I. glandulifera  (increased ITV BI ), as compared to the slow colonizing native A. nemorosa and M. effusum (reduced ITV BI ). Additionally, ITV BI  in the fast colonizing species tended to be highest for the vegetative traits plant height and leaf area, but lowest for the measured generative trait seed mass.    Conclusions  This study shows that stress can both reduce and increase ITV BI , seemingly supporting both the stress-reduced plasticity and stress-induced variability hypotheses. Similarly, niche packing effects on ITV BI  supported both the niche packing hypothesis and the individual variation hypothesis. These results clearly illustrates the importance of simultaneously evaluating both abiotic and biotic factors on ITV BI . This study adds to the growing realization that within-population trait variation should not be ignored and can provide valuable ecological insights.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12898-017-0151-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Biotic and abiotic drivers of intraspecific trait variation within plant populations of three herbaceous plant species along a latitudinal gradient