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Background  Spatio-temporal distribution patterns of species in response to natural and anthropogenic drivers provide insight into the ecological processes that determine community composition. We investigated determinants of ecological structure in a species assemblage of 4 closely related primate species of the family Cheirogaleidae ( Microcebus berthae ,  Microcebus murinus, Cheirogaleus medius, Mirza coquereli ) in western Madagascar by extensive line transect surveys across spatial and temporal heterogeneities with the specific goal of elucidating the mechanisms stabilizing competitive coexistence of the two mouse lemur species ( Microcebus  spp.).    Results  Interspecific competition between the mouse lemurs was indicated by negative spatial associations in degraded habitat and by habitat partitioning along anthropogenic disturbance gradients during dry seasons with resource scarcity. In non-degraded habitat, intraguild predator  M. coquereli , but not  C. medius,  was negatively associated with  M. murinus  on the population level, whereas its regional distribution overlapped spatially with that of  M. berthae . The species’ interspecific distribution pattern across spatial and temporal heterogeneities corresponded to predictions for agent-mediated coexistence and thus confirmed  M. coquereli ’s stabilizing impact on the coexistence of mouse lemurs.    Conclusions  Interspecific interactions contribute to ecological structure in this cheirogaleid assemblage and determinants vary across spatio-temporal heterogeneities. Coexistence of  Microcebus  spp. is stabilized by an agent-mediated spatial storage effect:  M. coquereli  creates refuges from competition for  M. berthae  in intact habitat, whereas anthropogenic environments provide  M. murinus  with an escape from resource competition and intraguild predation. Species persistence in the assemblage therefore depends on the conservation of habitat content and context that stabilizing mechanisms rely on. Our large-scale population level approach did not allow for considering all potential functional and stochastic drivers of ecological structure, a key limitation that accounts for the large proportion of unexplained variance in our models.

Agent-mediated spatial storage effect in heterogeneous habitat stabilizes competitive mouse lemur coexistence in Menabe Central, Western Madagascar