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Background  We aimed at constructing  Lactococcus lactis  strains expressing HPV-16 recombinant E7 (rE7) oncoprotein and examining its overproduction ability followed by optimizing batch and fed-batch fermentations. Thereafter, in order to assess the immunogenicity of recombinant  L. lactis  cells, C57BL/6 mice were immunized by oral gavage.    Results  The results suggested that recombinant strains harboring optiE7 and E7 genes produced a maximum of 4.84 and 1.91 μg/mL of rE7 in static flask experiments, while the corresponding strains gave a maximum yield of 35.49 and 14.24 μg/mL in batch experiments, respectively. Fed-batch study indicated that the concentration of rE7 protein significantly increased after feeding yeast extract plus GM17 medium. The rE7 production of the best performing strains was 2.09- and 1.48-fold higher than that of the strains during the batch fermentation. Furthermore, biomass levels were 1.98- and 1.92-fold higher than those in batch cultivation. Oral immunization of C57BL/6 mice with recombinant  L. lactis  produced significant specific IgG and IgA antibody responses in serum and vaginal fluids, respectively. Our outcomes suggest that vaccination with  L. lactis  expressing rE7 can generate significant protective effects against E7-expressing cell line. Also, our study provides evidence that the presence of large amounts of E7-specific CD4 +  T helper and CD8 +  T cell precursors was stimulated. Significantly higher frequencies of HPV-16 E7 specific IL-2- and IFN-γ-secreting T cells were detected in antigen-stimulated splenocytes and intestinal mucosal lymphocytes, when compared to the control groups.    Conclusions  We conclude that optimization of culture conditions along with recombinant protein expression can highly stimulate both specific humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in mice after oral immunization. These promising results represent a step towards fast-tracking a vaccine against HPV-16-associated cervical cancer.

Extracellular overproduction of E7 oncoprotein of Iranian human papillomavirus type 16 by genetically engineered Lactococcus lactis