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Background  Flax ( Linum usitatissimum  L.) is an agriculturally important crop with seed oil enriched in α-linolenic acid (18:3   cis Δ9, 12, 15 ; ALA). This polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is the major determinant for the quality of flax seed oil in food, nutraceuticals and industrial applications. The recently identified enzyme: phosphatidylcholine diacylglycerol cholinephosphotransferase (PDCT), catalyzes the interconversion between phosphatidylcholine (PC) and diacylglycerol (DAG), and has been shown to play an important role in PUFA accumulation in  Arabidopsis thaliana  seeds.    Methods  Two flax  PDCT  genes were identified using homology-based approach.    Results  In this study, we describe the isolation and characterization of two  PDCT  genes from flax ( LuPDCT1  and  LuPDCT2 ) with very high nucleotide sequence identity (97%) whose deduced amino acid sequences exhibited approximately 55% identity with that of  A. thaliana  PDCT (AtROD1). The genes encoded functionally active enzymes that were strongly expressed in developing embryos. Complementation studies with the  A. thaliana rod1  mutant demonstrated that the flax PDCTs were capable of restoring PUFA levels  in planta . Furthermore, PUFA levels increased in  Saccharomyces cerevisiae  when the flax  PDCT s were co-expressed with  FATTY ACID DESATURASES  ( FADs ) , FAD2  and  FAD3 , while seed-specific expression of  LuPDCT1  and  LuPDCT2  in  A. thaliana  resulted in 16.4% and 19.7% increases in C18-PUFAs, respectively, with a concomitant decrease in the proportion of oleic acid (18:1  cis Δ9 ; OA).    Conclusions  The two novel  PDCT  homologs from flax are capable of increasing C18-PUFA levels substantially in metabolically engineered yeast and transgenic  A. thaliana  seeds. These flax PDCT proteins appear to play an important dual role in the determination of PUFA content by efficiently channelling monounsaturated FAs into PC for desaturation and moving the resulting PUFAs out of PC for subsequent use in TAG synthesis. These results indicate that flax PDCTs would be useful for bioengineering of oil crops to increase PUFA levels for applications in human food and nutritional supplements, animal feed and industrial bioproducts.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12896-015-0156-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc biotechnology

Heterologous expression of flax PHOSPHOLIPID:DIACYLGLYCEROL CHOLINEPHOSPHOTRANSFERASE (PDCT) increases polyunsaturated fatty acid content in yeast and Arabidopsis seeds