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Background  Bladder cancers have been characterized as a tumor group in which the immunological response is relatively well preserved. Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1, B7-H1, CD274) has been shown to be expressed in several malignancies, including bladder cancer. However, the clinicopathological impact of this biomarker has not yet been established. In the present study, a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was performed using paired normal and cancerous bladder cancer tissue to investigate  PD-1 / PD-L1  gene expression.    Methods  We examined the mRNA expression of  PD-1 / PD-L1  by a qPCR using 58 pairs of normal and cancerous human bladder tissue specimens. We also examined the correlation with the expressions of the  STAT1  and  NFAT  genes, which are thought to be upstream and downstream of the  PD-L1  pathway, respectively.    Results  There were no significant differences between normal and cancerous tissue in the expression of the  PD-1  and  PD-L1  genes ( p  = 0.724 and  p  = 0.102, respectively). However,  PD-1  and  PD-L1  were both more highly expressed in high-grade bladder cancer than in low-grade bladder cancer ( p  < 0.050 and  p  < 0.010).  PD-L1  was positively correlated with the expressions of both the STAT1 ( r  = 0.681,  p  < 0.001) and the  NFATc1  genes ( r  = 0.444. p < 0.001).    Conclusions   PD-1  and  PD-L1  might be a new biomarker that correlates with the pathological grade of bladder cancer.  PD-L1  might function as a mediator of stage progression in bladder cancer and S TAT1 - NFAT  pathway might associate this function.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12894-018-0414-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc urology

PD-1 and PD-L1 are more highly expressed in high-grade bladder cancer than in low-grade cases: PD-L1 might function as a mediator of stage progression in bladder cancer