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Background  The cystic duct has been included in the staging classification scheme for gallbladder cancer since the 2010 publication of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual (7th edition). To our knowledge, only seven other cases of adenocarcinoma arising in the remnant cystic duct following cholecystectomy have been reported in the English-language literature, and none has been reported as primary early-stage T1b remnant cystic duct cancer (CDC). We report, herein, a case of primary adenocarcinoma arising in the remnant cystic duct in a patient with history of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for gallstone disease.    Case presentation  An 81-year-old female presented with abdominal pain. Her medical history included a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for cholecystolithiasis two years prior. Jaundice was observed; imaging studies suggested that this was caused by choledocholithiasis. Blood chemistry findings showed severe liver dysfunction. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography revealed haemobilia from the common bile duct with no evidence of choledocholithiasis. A bile sample showed Papanicolaou class IV cytology. As the extent of tumour spread was undetermined by abdominal ultrasonography and endoscopic ultrasonography, peroral cholangioscopy (POCS) was performed, which revealed tiny papillary lesions within the confluence of cystic duct, and fine granular lesions in the centre of bile ducts, signifying early-stage remnant CDC. Extrahepatic bile duct resection with regional lymphadenectomy was done. Histopathological findings revealed a 42-mm tubular adenocarcinoma originating from the remnant cystic duct with the considerable shallow spread across the extrahepatic bile ducts. It invaded the fibromuscular layer, with no lymphovascular or perineural invasion, no lymph node metastasis (13 nodes examined), and uninvolved surgical resection margin (R0 resection), and was staged as pT1bN0M0, Stage I.    Conclusions  Primary early-stage T1b remnant CDC is an uncommon condition for which early diagnosis is challenging; if intraoperatively recognized, it can complicate surgery. Our experience of this case and an overview of the English literature suggest that POCS is an efficient tool to diagnosis this tumour and assess its spread along the extrahepatic bile ducts.

Early-stage T1b adenocarcinoma arising in the remnant cystic duct after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: a case report and literature review