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Background  Low back pain (LBP) is common among healthcare workers, whose work is physically strenuous and thus demands certain levels of physical fitness and spinal control. Exercise is the most frequently recommended treatment for LBP. However, exercise interventions targeted at sub-acute or recurrent patients are scarce compared to those targeted at chronic LBP patients. Our objective was to examine the effects of 6 months of neuromuscular exercise on pain, lumbar movement control, fitness, and work-related factors at 6- and 12-months’ follow-up among female healthcare personnel with sub-acute or recurrent low back pain (LBP) and physically demanding work.    Methods  A total of 219 healthcare workers aged 30–55 years with non-specific LBP were originally allocated to four groups (exercise, counselling, combined exercise and counselling, control). The present study is a secondary analysis comparing exercisers ( n  = 110) vs non-exercisers ( n  = 109). Exercise was performed twice a week (60 min) in three progressive stages focusing on controlling the neutral spine posture. The primary outcome was intensity of LBP. Secondary outcomes included pain interfering with work, lumbar movement control, fitness components, and work-related measurements. Between-group differences were analysed with a generalised linear mixed model according to the intention-to-treat principle. Per-protocol analysis compared the more exercised to the less exercised and non-exercisers.    Results  The mean exercise attendance was 26.3 (SD 12.2) of targeted 48 sessions over 24 weeks, 53% exercising 1–2 times a week, with 80% ( n  = 176) and 72% ( n  = 157) participating in 6- and in 12-month follow-up measurements, respectively. The exercise intervention reduced pain ( p  = 0.047), and pain interfering with work ( p  = 0.046); improved lumbar movement control ( p  = 0.042), abdominal strength ( p  = 0.033) and physical functioning in heavy nursing duties ( p  = 0.007); but had no effect on other fitness and work-related measurements when compared to not exercising. High exercise compliance resulted in less pain and better lumbar movement control and walking test results.    Conclusion  Neuromuscular exercise was effective in reducing pain and improving lumbar movement control, abdominal strength, and physical functioning in nursing duties compared to not exercising.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12891-019-2678-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc musculoskeletal disorders

Neuromuscular exercise reduces low back pain intensity and improves physical functioning in nursing duties among female healthcare workers; secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial