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Background The impact of co-infection with other pathogenic microorganisms after initiation of treatment for  Mycobacterium avium  complex pulmonary disease (MAC-PD) has not been clearly described. This study sought to clarify the clinical outcomes of co-infection with MAC after antimycobacterial therapy for MAC. Methods Co-infection status was defined as the detection of pathogenic microorganisms other than MAC in at least two consecutive sputum cultures 6–24 months after initiation of treatment. Chest computed tomography (CT) findings and culture results were compared between co-infection and MAC alone groups. Results The co-infection and MAC alone groups comprised 12 and 36 patients, respectively. The proportion of patients with sputum culture positive for MAC after 24 months of therapy did not differ significantly between the two groups [25% (3/12) vs. 16.7% (6/36);  p  = 0.671]. The proportion of patients with improved chest CT score after 24 months of starting treatment compared to baseline was significantly lower for the co-infection group than for the MAC alone group [16.7% (2/12) vs. 79.4% (27/34);  p  &lt; 0.001]. In the co-infection group, median CT score values at 12 and 24 months did not differ from baseline. However, the MAC alone group showed significant improvement at 12 and 24 months compared with baseline. Conclusions In the patient group with co-infection of other pathogenic microorganisms after treatment initiation for MAC there was no impact on therapeutic efficacy compared to the MAC alone group. However, therapeutic intervention interfered with improvement in chest CT findings such as nodule formation, bronchiectasis, infiltration, and cavitary lesions.

Impact of chronic co-infection in pulmonary Mycobacterium avium complex disease after treatment initiation