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Background  The 2012 Global Lung Function Initiative (GLI 2012 ) provide multi-ethnic spirometric reference equations (SRE) for the 3–95 year-old age range, but Sub-Saharan African populations are not represented. This study aimed to evaluate the fit of the African-American GLI 2012  SRE to a population of healthy urban and peri-urban Zimbabwean school-going children (7–13 years).    Methods  Spirometry and anthropometry were performed on black-Zimbabwean children recruited from three primary schools in urban and peri-urban Harare, with informed consent and assent. Individuals with a history or current symptoms of respiratory disease or with a body mass index-z score (BMI) < − 2 were excluded. Spirometry z-scores were generated from African-American GLI 2012  SRE, which adjust for age, sex, ethnicity and height, after considering all GLI 2012  modules. Anthropometry z-scores were generated using the British (1990) reference equations which adjust for age and sex. The African-American GLI 2012  z-score distribution for the four spirometry measurements (FVC, FEV 1 , FEV 1 /FVC and MMEF) were evaluated across age, height, BMI and school (as a proxy for socioeconomic status) to assess for bias. Comparisons between the African-American GLI 2012  SRE and Polgar equations (currently adopted in Zimbabwe) on the percent-predicted derived values were also performed.    Results  The validation dataset contained acceptable spirometry data from 712 children (344 girls, mean age: 10.5 years (SD 1.81)). The spirometry z-scores were reasonably normally distributed, with all means lower than zero but within the range of ±0.5, indicating a good fit to the African-American GLI 2012  SRE. The African-American GLI 2012  SRE produced z-scores closest to a normal distribution. Z-scores of girls deviated more than boys. Weak correlations (Pearson’s correlation coefficient < 0.2) were observed between spirometry and anthropometry z-scores, and scatterplots demonstrated no systematic bias associated with age, height, BMI or socioeconomic status. The African-American GLI 2012  SRE provided a better fit for Zimbabwean paediatric spirometry data than Polgar equations.    Conclusion  The use of African-American GLI 2012  SRE in this population could help in the interpretation of pulmonary function tests.

bmc pulmonary medicine

Validation of the global lung initiative 2012 multi-ethnic spirometric reference equations in healthy urban Zimbabwean 7–13 year-old school children: a cross-sectional observational study