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Background  Participation in bowel scope screening (BSS) is low (43%), limiting its potential to reduce colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence and mortality. This study aimed to quantify the prevalence of barriers to BSS and examine the extent to which these barriers differed according to non-participant profiles:  non-responders  to the BSS invitation,  active decliners  of the invitation, and  non-attenders  of confirmed appointments.    Methods  Individuals invited for BSS between March 2013 and December 2015, across 28 General Practices in England, were sent a questionnaire. Questions measured initial interest in BSS, engagement with the information booklet, BSS participation, and, where applicable, reasons for BSS non-attendance. Chi-square tests of independence were performed to examine the relationship between barriers, non-participant groups and socio-demographic variables.    Results  1478 (45.8%) questionnaires were returned for analysis: 1230 (83.2%) attended screening, 114 (7.7%) were non-responders to the BSS invitation, 100 (6.8%) were active decliners, and 34 (2.3%) were non-attenders. Non-responders were less likely to have read the whole information booklet than active decliners ( x  2  (2,  N  = 157) = 7.00,  p  = 0.008) and non-attenders ( x  2  (2,  N  = 101) = 8.07,  p  = 0.005). Non-responders also had lower initial interest in having BSS than either active decliners ( x  2  (2,  N  = 213) = 6.07,  p  = 0.014) or non-attenders (x 2  (2,  N  = 146) = 32.93,  p  < 0.001). Overall, anticipated pain (33%) and embarrassment (30%) were the most commonly cited barriers to BSS participation. For non-attenders, however, practical, appointment-related reasons were most common (27%).    Conclusions  Interventions to improve BSS uptake should be more nuanced and use targeted strategies to address the specific needs of each group.

Barriers to bowel scope (flexible sigmoidoscopy) screening: a comparison of non-responders, active decliners and non-attenders