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Background  Measles vaccine (MV) may protect against non-measles mortality. We tested whether survival depended on age of measles vaccination.    Methods  Bandim Health Project follows children under 5 years of age through a Health and Demographic Surveillance System in rural Guinea-Bissau. Children aged 6–36 months with a vaccination card inspected were followed to the next visit or for a maximum of 6 months. In Cox proportional-hazards models adjusted for age and village cluster, we compared the survival of children vaccinated with MV early (< 9 months), as recommended (9–11 months) or late (> 12+ months) with the survival of measles-unvaccinated children. Among measles-vaccinated children, we modelled the effect of age at measles vaccination linearly to assess mortality changes per month increase in vaccination age.    Results  From 1999 to 2006, 14,813 children (31,725 observations) were included. Children vaccinated with MV had a Hazard Ratio (HR) of 0.76 (95% CI: 0.63–0.91) compared with measles-unvaccinated children; censoring measles deaths did not change the results (HR = 0.79 (0.65–0.95)). For early MV the HR was 0.68 (0.53–0.87), for MV as recommended the HR was 0.77 (0.62–0.96) and for late MV the HR was 0.86 (0.67–1.11) .  Limiting the analysis to measles-vaccinated children, age at measles vaccination was associated with a 2.6% (0.4–5.1%) increase in mortality per month increase in vaccination age.    Conclusion  Early MV was associated with a large survival advantage. The current policy to increase vaccination age, when measles control improves, may not optimize the impact of MV on child survival.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-018-5866-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Is early measles vaccination associated with stronger survival benefits than later measles vaccination?