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Background  Lyme disease (LD) is a tick-borne zoonotic illness caused by the bacterium  Borrelia burgdorferi . Texas is considered a non-endemic state for LD and the spatial distribution of the state’s reported LD cases is unknown.    Methods  We analyzed human LD cases reported to the Texas Department of State Health Services (TX-DSHS) between 2000 and 2011 using exploratory spatial analysis with the objective to investigate the spatial patterns of LD in Texas. Case data were aggregated at the county level, and census data were used as the population at risk. Empirical Bayesian smoothing was performed to stabilize the variance. Global Moran’s I was calculated to assess the presence and type of spatial autocorrelation. Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) was used to determine the location of spatial clusters and outliers.    Results and Discussion  There was significant positive spatial autocorrelation of LD incidence in Texas with Moran’s I of 0.41 (p = 0.001). LISA revealed significant variation in the spatial distribution of human LD in Texas. First, we identified a high-risk cluster in Central Texas, in a region that is thought to be beyond the geographical range of the main vector,  Ixodes scapularis . Second, the eastern part of Texas, which is thought to provide the most suitable habitat for  I. scapularis , did not appear to be a high-risk area. Third, LD cases were reported from several counties in western Texas, a region considered unsuitable for the survival of  Ixodes  ticks.    Conclusions  These results emphasize the need for follow-up investigations to determine whether the identified spatial pattern is due to: clustering of misdiagnosed cases, clustering of patients with an out-of state travel history, or presence of a clustered unknown enzootic cycle of  B. burgdorferi  in Texas. This would enable an improved surveillance and reporting of LD in Texas.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12889-015-2286-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Exploratory spatial analysis of Lyme disease in Texas –what can we learn from the reported cases?