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Background  Early-onset sepsis (EOS) is a potentially life-threatening complication of birth. Clinical symptoms are often unspecific and biomarkers have low predictive values for EOS. Therefore, clinical suspicion often leads to antibiotic therapy in neonates with a negative blood culture. In the study we evaluated if a quality improvement initiative could reduce unwarranted antibiotic use in a safe way in term neonates with culture-negative sepsis.    Methods  The quality improvement initiative included new treatment guidelines and were introduced on 11 June 2018. The guidelines included C-reactive protein- and clinical symptoms-guided decision-making and shorter intravenous antibiotic therapy. All term neonates treated for EOS at Ryhov Hospital, Jönköping, Sweden were studied before (period 1: 2016–2017) and after the introduction of the new guidelines (period 2: 11 June 2018 to 30 Sept 2019).  Laboratory and clinical data were analysed.    Results  There were 7618 term neonates in period 1 and 5005 term neonates in period 2. We identified 140 (1.8%) EOS in period 1 and 97 (1.9%) EOS in period 2. During period 1 and 2, there were 61 (61/140, 44%) and 59 (59/97, 61%) EOS neonates, respectively, who met the criteria for shorter antibiotic treatment. The number of positive blood cultures were seven (0.92/1000 live births) and five (1.0/1000 live births) in period 1 and 2. The median C-reactive protein were 52 mg/L (37–62) in period 1 and 42 mg/L (31–56) in period 2 in the group who met the criteria of the guidelines. The duration of antibiotic therapy (Median: seven vs. five days,  p  < 0.001) and hospital stay (Median: seven vs. five days,  p  < 0.001) as well as healthcare costs (decreased by €122,000/year) was reduced in the group who met the criteria after the introduction of the guidelines.    Conclusion  C-reactive protein- and clinical symptoms-guided decision-making for EOS significantly decreased the duration of antibiotic therapy and hospital stay, and hence reduced healthcare costs, with no reinfection in a cohort of term infants.    Trial registration  Trial registration number:  ISRCTN29535824 . Date of registration: 28 May 2020. Retrospectively registered.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12887-020-02426-w.

bmc pediatrics

C-reactive protein- and clinical symptoms-guided strategy in term neonates with early-onset sepsis reduced antibiotic use and hospital stay: a quality improvement initiative