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Background  Rapid weight gain (RWG) during infancy increases the risk of excess weight later in life. Nutrition- and feeding practices associated with RWG need to be further examined. The present study aimed to examine nutrition- and feeding practice-related risk factors for RWG during the first year of life.    Methods  A population-based longitudinal birth cohort study of 1780 infants, classified as having RWG or non-RWG during 0–3-4, 0–6 and 6–12 months. RWG was defined as a change > 0.67 in weight standard deviation scores. Associations between nutrition- and feeding practice-related factors and RWG were examined with logistic regression models.    Results  Of the participating infants, 47% had RWG during 0–3-4 months, 46% during 0–6 months and 8% during 6–12 months. In the fully adjusted models, bottle-feeding at birth and at 3–4 months and nighttime meals containing formula milk were positively associated with RWG during 0–3-4 months ( p  < 0.05 for all). Breastfeeding at 3–4 months and nighttime meals containing breast milk were negatively associated with RWG during this period ( p  < 0.001). Bottle-feeding at birth, 3–4 and 6 months and nighttime meals containing formula milk at 3–4 months were positively associated with RWG during 0–6 months ( p  < 0.01 for all). Breastfeeding at 3–4 and 6 months was negatively associated with RWG ( p  < 0.01). During 6–12 months, only bottle-feeding at 3–4 months was positively associated with RWG ( p  < 0.05).    Conclusions  RWG was more common during the first 6 months of life and bottle-feeding and formula milk given at night were risk factors for RWG during this period.    Supplementary information   Supplementary information  accompanies this paper at 10.1186/s12887-020-02391-4.

Nutrition- and feeding practice-related risk factors for rapid weight gain during the first year of life: a population-based birth cohort study