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Background  Culture tests have demonstrated that once-daily administration of amoxicillin may be effective in the treatment of group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis. However, culture methods do not allow accurate assessments of bacterial load changes because of the suppressive effect of the antibiotic on bacterial growth. In this study, we used real-time PCR to compare the effectiveness of once-daily and multiple-daily amoxicillin treatment for pediatric patients with GAS pharyngitis.    Methods  The subjects were children (≧3 years of age) diagnosed with GAS pharyngitis. Amoxicillin was administered at a dose of 40–50 mg/kg/day, divided into one (QD), two (BID), or three (TID) daily doses, for 10 days. Throat swabs were collected before treatment (visit 1), 1 to 3 days after treatment (visit 2), and 9 to 11 days after treatment (visit 3), and GAS copies were quantified by real-time PCR. The main compared parameters were the rate of negative PCR results and the number of GAS determined by PCR in throat swabs between each regimen.    Results  Samples were collected from 34 patients (QD, 12; BID, 15; TID, 7) at visit 1, 32 patients (QD, 11; BID, 14; TID, 7) at visit 2, and 25 patients (QD, 7; BID, 11; TID, 7) at visit 3. The rates of negative PCR result for QD, BID, and TID regimens were 18.2, 0, and 14.3% at visit 2, and 85.7, 72.7, and 85.7% at visit 3, respectively. The median values of bacterial load for QD, BID, and TID groups at visit 1 were 1.4 × 10 6 , 8.2 × 10 5 , and 5.4 × 10 5  copies/μL. At visit 2, they comprised 3.8 × 10 3 , 1.1 × 10 3 , and 2.8 × 10 3  copies/μL, respectively, whereas at visit 3, GAS copies were mostly undetectable. There was no statistical difference in the negative results and median value of GAS copies between regimens at any stage.    Conclusions  Our results obtained by a molecular biology approach indicated that the QD regimen was as effective in eradicating GAS infection as BID or TID.    Trial registration   UMIN000036083  / March 12, 2019.

Amoxicillin effect on bacterial load in group A streptococcal pharyngitis: comparison of single and multiple daily dosage regimens