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Background  The Prevalence of myopia is increasing in China. This study aimed to explore the distribution of spherical equivalent (SE) and its association with age, body mass index (BMI), gender in a non-myopic Chinese children population aged 6 to 12 years.    Methods  A total of 6362 students were recruited for ophthalmological investigation. Demographic and myopia related behavioral information was collected. SE value was measured by the Topcon RM-8900 or KR-800autorefractors. Potential independent risk factors were determined with Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Interval (CI) by logistic regression analysis. We further constructed the nomogram model to predict future onset of myopia.    Results  Among the study population, 3900 (61.3%) were non-myopic. The prevalence of myopia is 38.0% for boys and 39.5% for girls. The average SE values were 0.50 ± 0.70 D for boys and 0.60 ± 0.80 D for girls. The mean SE values decreased with age, and the value of height and BMI took on a stable trend. Threshold values for myopia varied across age groups and gender. Paternal myopia (OR: 1.22, 95%CI: 1.01–1.48), near-work activities on weekends (2.56, 1.17–5.61), and outdoor activities (0.68, 0.54–0.86) were associated with potential myopic in students.    Conclusion  A series of age-gender based SE threshold values were established to predict myopia in Chinese children aged 6 to 12 years. High risk factors for myopia included paternal myopia, near-work activities on weekends, and outdoor activities. Countermeasures are encouraged to reverse the increasing trend of myopia in children.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12886-020-01709-1.

The distribution of refraction by age and gender in a non-myopic Chinese children population aged 6–12 years