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Background  β-lapachone (β-lap), the NQO1 bioactivatable drug, is thought to be a promising anticancer agent. However, the toxic side effects of β-lap limit the drug use, highlighting the need for a thorough understanding of β-lap’s mechanism of action. β-lap undergoes NQO1-dependent futile redox cycling, generating massive ROS and oxidative DNA lesions, leading to cell death. Thus, base excision repair (BER) pathway is an important resistance factor. XRCC1, a scaffolding component, plays a critical role in BER.    Methods  We knocked down XRCC1 expression by using pLVX-shXRCC1 in the MiaPaCa2 cells and BxPC3 cells and evaluated β-lap-induced DNA lesions by γH2AX foci formation and alkaline comet assay. The cell death induced by  XRCC1  knockdown + β-lap treatment was analysed by relative survival, flow cytometry and Western blotting analysis.    Results  We found that knockdown of  XRCC1  significantly increased β-lap-induced DNA double-strand breaks, comet tail lengths and cell death in PDA cells. Furthermore, we observed combining  XRCC1  knockdown with β-lap treatment switched programmed necrosis with β-lap monotherapy to caspase-dependent apoptosis.    Conclusions  These results indicate that XRCC1 is involved in the repair of β-lap-induced DNA damage, and XRCC1 loss amplifies sensitivity to β-lap, suggesting targeting key components in BER pathways may have the potential to expand use and efficacy of β-lap for gene-based therapy.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12885-021-08979-y.

X-ray repair cross-complementing protein 1 (XRCC1) loss promotes β-lapachone –induced apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells