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Background  Crizotinib is the approved treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) fusion. Failure of crizotinib treatment frequently involves drug intolerance or resistance. Comparison of using second-generation ALK inhibitors in this setting remains lacking.    Methods  Sixty-five ALK-positive advanced NSCLC patients receiving second-generation ALK inhibitors following treatment failure of crizotinib were retrospectively analyzed for the therapeutic efficacy.    Results  Forty-three (66.2%) and 22 (33.8%) patients received alectinib and ceritinib, respectively. Comparing alectinib to ceritinib treatment: the 12-month progression-free survival (PFS) rate (61.0% [95% confidence interval, 47.1 to 78.9%] vs. 54.5% [95% CI, 37.3 to 79.9%]); the hazard ratio (HR) for disease progression or death, 0.61 (95% CI, 0.31–1.17;  p  = 0.135). Multivariate Cox regression showed ECOG PS (0–1 vs. 2–3 HR 0.09 [95% CI, 0.02–0.33];  p  < 0.001) and cause of crizotinib treatment failure (resistance vs. intolerance HR 2.75 [95% CI, 1.26–5.99];  p  = 0.011) were the independent predictors for the PFS of second-generation ALK inhibitors. Treatment of alectinib, compared to ceritinib, was associated with a lower incidence of CNS progression (cause-specific HR, 0.10; 95% CI 0.01–0.78;  p  = 0.029) and a higher efficacy in patients whose cause of crizotinib treatment failure was intolerance (HR 0.29 [95% CI, 0.08–1.06];  p  = 0.050). The most commonly noted adverse events were elevated AST/ALT in 10 (23.3%) patients treated with alectinib and diarrhea in 8 (36.4%) patients treated with ceritinib.    Conclusion  Second-generation ALK inhibitors in crizotinib-treated patients showed a satifactory efficacy. Alectinib treatment demonstrated a CNS protection activity and a higher PFS in selected patients failing crizotinib treatment.

bmc cancer

A retrospective study of alectinib versus ceritinib in patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer of anaplastic lymphoma kinase fusion in whom crizotinib treatment failed