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Background  Transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) signalling is involved in both tumour suppression and tumour progression. The mRNA expression levels of the TGFβ isoforms and receptors in breast tumours may have prognostic value and clinical implications.    Methods  The mRNA levels of  TGFB1 ,  TGFB2 ,  TGFB3 ,  TGFBR1  and  TGFBR2  were analysed in primary breast tumours and adjacent normal breast tissues, and the associations with tumour characteristics and patients’ overall and relapse-free survival were evaluated, using the public gene expression microarray data from The Cancer Genome Atlas ( n  = 520) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (four datasets) and our quantitative real-time PCR validation data ( n  = 71).    Results  Significantly higher  TGFB1  and  TGFB3  mRNA levels and lower  TGFBR2  mRNA levels were observed in primary tumours compared with their paired normal tissues.  TGFB1  mRNA expression was seemly lower in triple-negative tumours and in tumours from lymph node-negative patients.  TGFB3  mRNA expression was significantly lower in estrogen receptor-negative/progesterone receptor-negative/Basal-like/Grade 3 tumours. High  TGFB2 ,  TGFB3  and  TGFBR2  mRNA levels in tumours were generally associated with better prognosis for patients, especially those diagnosed with lymph node-negative diseases. High  TGFBR1  mRNA levels in tumours were associated with poorer clinical outcomes for patients diagnosed with small (diameter ≤2 cm) tumours.    Conclusions  The results indicate a reduced responsiveness of tumour cells to TGFβ, a preferential up-regulation of  TGFB1  in malignant tumours and a preferential up-regulation of  TGFB3  in premalignant tumours. The results may not only provide prognostic value for patients but also assist in classifying tumours according to their potential responses to TGFβ and selecting patients for TGFβ signalling pathway targeted therapies.

TGFβ isoforms and receptors mRNA expression in breast tumours: prognostic value and clinical implications