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Background  Locally recurrent non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) poses a great challenge to physicians. This study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of the combination of brachytherapy and docetaxel and cisplatin for the treatment of locally recurrent stage III NSCLC.    Methods  Fifty two patients with locally recurrent stage III NSCLC after concurrent chemoradiotherapy were randomly divided into two groups ( n  = 26). The patients in experimental group were treated with implantation of radioactive  125 I seeds and DP regimen (docetaxel 60 mg/m 2 /cisplatin 75 mg/m 2 ). Patients in control group received DP chemotherapy. The local control rate (LCR), progression-free survival (PFS), and overall response rate (ORR) were defined according to the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors (RECIST).    Results  With a median follow-up time of 11 months, PFS and LCR was 8 months (95 % CI: 6.99–9.01 months) vs. 5.5 months (95 % CI: 4.43–6.57 months) ( P  < 0.05) and 10 months (95 % CI: 8.72–11.28 months) vs. 6.2 months (95 % CI: 5.27–7.13 months) ( P  < 0.05) in the experimental and control groups, respectively. The ORR did not differ between treatment groups and was noted to be 69.2 % and 57.7 %, respectively ( P  >0.05). There was no occurrence of severe complications in experimental and control groups.    Conclusion  The combination of  125 I brachytherapy and second-line chemotherapy is superior to chemotherapy alone and is an effective and safe therapy for this disease.    Trial registration number   ChiCTR-IOR-15006560

Combination of Iodine-125 brachytherapy and chemotherapy for locally recurrent stage III non-small cell lung cancer after concurrent chemoradiotherapy