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Background  Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play an important role in breast cancer pathogenesis by paracrine regulation of breast cancer cell biology. Several  in vitro  and mouse models have characterized the role of cell contact and cytokine molecules mediating this relationship, although few reports have used human CAFs from breast tumors.    Methods  Primary breast CAF cultures were established and gene expression profiles analysed in order to guide subsequent co-culture models. We used a combination of colorimetric proliferation assays and gene expression profiling to determine the effect of CAFs on the MCF-7 breast cancer cell in an indirect co-culture system.    Results  Using gene expression profiling, we found that a subgroup of breast CAFs are positive for a type one interferon response, confirming previous reports of an activated type one interferon response in whole tumor datasets. Interferon positive breast cancer patients show a poor prognostic outcome in an independent microarray dataset. In addition, CAFs positive for the type one interferon response promoted the growth of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line in an indirect co-culture model. The addition of a neutralizing antibody against the ligand mediating the type one response in fibroblasts, interferon-β, reverted this co-culture phenotype. CAFs not expressing the interferon response genes also promoted the growth of the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line but this phenotype was independent of the type one fibroblast interferon ligand.    Conclusions  Primary breast CAFs show inter-patient molecular heterogeneity as evidenced by interferon response gene elements activated in a subgroup of CAFs, which result in paracrine pro-proliferative effects in a breast cancer cell line co-culture model.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12885-015-1117-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

A functional in vitro model of heterotypic interactions reveals a role for interferon-positive carcinoma associated fibroblasts in breast cancer