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Background  Haemolytic disease of the foetus and newborn (HDFN) is the most common aetiology of haemolytic anaemia and hyperbilirubinaemia in foetuses and neonates. Studies on the distribution of antibodies that cause haemolytic disease of the foetus (HDF) in China are limited, and the effects of multiple antibodies on the severity of HDF need further evaluation.    Methods  An observational cohort study from January 2005 to December 2019 was conducted in two hospitals affiliated with Sun Yat-sen University. Maternal red cell alloimmunization was identified by the Guangzhou Blood Centre. In total, 268 pregnant woman-foetus pairs were divided into four groups according to the type of maternal alloantibodies: anti-D, anti-D combined with other antibodies, other single-antibody and other multiple antibodies. The obstetric history, antibody characteristics, incidence of severe HDF and foetal outcomes were collected and compared. Logistic regression analysis of the risk factors for HDF and survival analysis of the severe HDF-free interval were conducted.    Results  Anti-D was the most common cause of HDF, followed by anti-M. No anti-K- or isolated anti-c-associated HDF was found. The incidence of severe HDF was higher in the group with anti-D combined with other antibodies than in the group with anti-D alone ( P  = 0.025), but no significant difference was found in haemoglobin level and reticulocyte count in the anaemic foetuses between these two groups. Foetuses in the other single-antibody group had a lower reticulocyte count ( P  = 0.007), more IUTs ( P  = 0.007) and an earlier onset of severe HDF ( P  = 0.012). The maximum antibody titre was significantly lower in the other single-antibody group than in the anti-D group ( P  < 0.001). A high maternal antibody titre ( P  < 0.001), multiple affected pregnancies ( P  < 0.001) and other single-antibody ( P  = 0.042) were independent risk factors for HDF. A higher reticulocyte count ( P  = 0.041) was an independent risk factor for severe HDF in anaemia foetuses affected by Rh(D) alloimmunization.    Conclusions  The distribution of HDF-associated antibodies in China is different from that in Western countries. Other single non-Rh(D) antibodies could increase the risk of HDF, and anti-D combined with other antibodies would not influence the severity of foetal anaemia compared with anti-D alone.

bmc pregnancy and childbirth

Distribution of maternal red cell antibodies and the risk of severe alloimmune haemolytic disease of the foetus in a Chinese population: a cohort study on prenatal management