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Background  Spontaneous vaginal twin delivery after 32nd week of gestation is safe when first twin presenting cephalic. Aim of this study is to identify obstetric factors influencing the condition of second twin and to verify whether non-cephalic presentation and vaginal breech delivery of the second twin is safe.    Methods  This is a retrospective case controlled cohort study of 717 uncomplicated twin deliveries ≥32 + 0 weeks of gestation from 2005 to 2014 in two tertiary perinatal centers. Obstetric parameters were evaluated in three groups with descriptive, univariate logistic regression analysis for perinatal outcome of second twins.    Results  The three groups included twins delivered by elective cesarean section ECS ( n  = 277, 38.6%), by unplanned cesarean section UPC ( n  = 233, 32.5%) and vaginally ( n  = 207, 28.9%). Serious adverse fetal outcome is rare and we found no differences between the groups. Second twins after ECS had significant better umbilical artery UA pH ( p  < 0.001) and better Apgar compared to UPC ( p  = 0.002). Variables for a fetal population “at risk” for adverse neonatal outcome after vaginal delivery (UA pH < 7.20, Apgar 5´ < 9) were associated with higher gestational age ( p  = 0.001), longer twin-twin interval ( p  = 0.05) and vacuum extraction of twin A ( p  = 0.04). Non-cephalic presentation of second twins was not associated (UA pH < 7.20 OR 1.97, CI 95% 0.93–4.22,  p  = 0.07, Apgar 5´ < 9 OR 1.63, CI 95% 0.70–3.77,  p  = 0.25, Transfer to neonatal intermediate care unit  p  = 0.48). Twenty-one second twins (2,9%) were delivered by cesarean section following vaginal delivery of the first twin. Even though non-cephalic presentation was overrepresented in this subgroup, outcome variables were not significantly different compared to cephalic presentation.    Conclusions  Even though elective cesarean means reduced stress for second twins this seems not to be clinically relevant. Non-cephalic presentation of the second twin does not significantly influence the perinatal outcome of the second twin but might be a risk factor for vaginal-cesarean birth.

Delivery of the second twin: influence of presentation on neonatal outcome, a case controlled study