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Background  Hypertrophic pachymeningitis (HP) is a rare disorder that involves localized or diffuse thickening of the dura mater. HP is associated with various inflammatory, infectious, and malignant diseases, such as rheumatic arthritis, sarcoidosis, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, IgG4-related disorders, syphilis, tuberculosis, bacterial and fungal infections, cancer, and idiopathic diseases, when evaluation fails to reveal a cause. Among them, chronic infection with  Propionibacterium acnes  is a rare etiology of HP, and its pathology remains unclear.    Case presentation  An 80-year-old man having refractory otitis media with effusion of the right ear presented with progressive right-sided headache and nausea. Post-contrast brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed right mastoiditis and remarkable thickening of the dura mater and enhancement of pia mater extending from the right middle cranial fossa to the temporal lobe.  HP secondary to middle ear infection was suspected, and a biopsy of the right mastoid was performed. An anaerobic culture of the biopsied right mastoid showed the growth of  P. acnes , and histopathological examination using  P. acnes -specific monoclonal antibody (PAB antibody) revealed the infiltration of inflammatory cells with  P. acnes . Moreover, using PAB antibody,  P. acnes  was detected in the biopsy specimen of the thickening dura mater. No granulomas were identified in either specimen. HP was resolved with long-term administration of antibiotics and steroids.    Conclusion  This is the first documentation of pathologically demonstrated chronic HP associated with  P. acnes  infection followed by refractory otitis media. This report showed that chronic latent  P. acnes  infection induces chronic inflammation.

Propionibacterium acnes-associated chronic hypertrophic pachymeningitis followed by refractory otitis media: a case report