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Background  The exact relationship between 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH) D] levels and small vessel disease (SVD) are not clear in China. The aim of this study was to determine such the association between 25(OH) D and SVD in China.    Methods  We retrospectively enrolled 106 patients with SVD and 115 controls between Jan 2017 and Dec 2017. All the subjects were categorized into three subgroups according to the level of 25 (OH) D: vitamin D deficiency (< 12 ng/ml), insufficiency (12–20 ng/ml) and sufficiency (> 20 ng/ml).    Results  Among 106 SVD patients, 80 (75.5%) were men and the mean age was 61.6 ± 13.2 years. The deficiency of 25(OH) D was observed in 76 (71.7%) of SVD patients and 47 (40.9%) of controls ( P  = 0.001). Compared with controls, patients with SVD were more likely to be male, a stroke history, smokers, with hyperlipidemia, higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure and low-density lipoprotein, and lower of 25(OH)D level ( P  < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed the level of 25 (OH) D as an independent predictor of SVD ( OR  0.772, 95%  CI  0.691–0.862,  P  = 0.001). Compared with the sufficient 25 (OH) D group, the  ORs  of SVD in deficient and insufficient 25(OH)D group were 5.609 (95%  CI  2.006–15.683) and 1.077 (95%  CI : 0.338–3.428) after adjusting for potential confounders, respectively. In hypertensives with vitamin D deficient and insufficient group compared with sufficient group, the  ORs  of SVD increased to 9.738 (95%  CI  2.398–39.540) and 1.108 (95%  CI  0.232–5.280), respectively ( P  interaction  = 0.001).    Conclusion  We found significant associations between SVD and 25(OH)D deficiency. The combined presence of hypertension and vitamin D deficiency increased the probability of developing SVD. Our findings will warrant further prospective studies in the future.

The combined presence of hypertension and vitamin D deficiency increased the probability of the occurrence of small vessel disease in China