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Background  Understanding the gap between evidence-based recommendations and real-world management is important to inform priority setting and health service planning.    Methods  The 7,776 residents in the Italian Lombardy Region who were newly hospitalized for transient ischemic attack (TIA) during 2008–2009 entered into the cohort and were followed until 2012. Exposure to medical care including selected drugs, diagnostic procedures and laboratory tests was recorded. A composite outcome was employed taking into account all-cause death and hospitalization for stroke and acute myocardial infarction. A multivariable proportional hazards model was fitted to estimate hazard ratio, and 95% confidence intervals (CI), for the exposure-outcome association.    Results  During the first year after discharge, 8.6, 49.7 and 48.5% of patients did not use any drugs, diagnostic procedures and laboratory tests respectively. Patients exposed to medical care had 59% reduced risk (95% CI, 50 to 66%) with respect to those who did not use any of these services.    Conclusions  Although the Italian National Health System supplies universal coverage for healthcare, several TIA patients receive suboptimal care. Systematic improvements are necessary in order to improve patient outcomes.

bmc neurology

Management, prognosis and predictors of unfavourable outcomes in patients newly hospitalized for transient ischemic attack: a real-world investigation from Italy