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Background  So far, the role of clinical neurophysiology in the prediction of outcome from neurological and neurosurgical early rehabilitation is unclear.    Methods  Clinical and neurophysiological data of a large sample of 803 early rehabilitation cases of the BDH-Clinic Hessisch Oldendorf in Northern Germany have been carefully reviewed. Most patients (43.5 %) were transferred to rehabilitation after stroke, mean age was 66.6 (15.5) years. Median somatosensory (SEP), auditory (AEP) and visual evoked potentials (VEP) along with EEG recordings took place within the first two weeks after admission. Length of stay (LOS) in early rehabilitation was 38.3 (37.2) days.    Results  Absence of SEP on one or both sides was associated with poor outcome,  χ 2 = 12.98 ( p  = 0.005); only 12.5 % had a good outcome (defined as Barthel index, BI ≥50) when SEP were missing on both sides. In AEP, significantly longer bilateral latencies III were observed in the poor outcome group ( p  < 0.05). Flash VEP showed that patients in the poor outcome group had a significantly longer latency III on both sides ( p  < 0.05). The longer latency III, the smaller BI changes (BI discharge minus admission) were observed (latency III right  r  = −0.145,  p  < 0.01; left  r  = −0.206,  p  < 0.001). While about half of the patients with alpha EEG activity belonged to the good outcome group (80/159, 50.3 %), only 39/125 (31.2 %) with theta and 5/41 (12.2 %) with delta rhythm had a favourable outcome,  χ 2 = 24.2,  p  < 0.001.    Conclusions  Results from this study suggest that loss of median SEP, prolongation of wave III in AEP and flash-VEP as well as theta or delta rhythms in EEG are associated with poor outcome from neurological early rehabilitation. Further studies on this topic are strongly encouraged.

May clinical neurophysiology help to predict the recovery of neurological early rehabilitation patients?