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Background  The current study investigated the performance of intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion (IVIM) technology in monitoring early renal injury in streptozotocin rats.    Methods  Forty-eight Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were divided into a control group and a diabetic mellitus (DM) group. Six rats in each group were randomly selected for MR scans at four different time points (0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks). The IVIM-derived parameters (D, D*,  f  and ADC values) of the renal cortex (CO), outer and inner stripe of the outer medulla (OS, IS), and internal medulla (IM) were acquired. Changes in each IVIM-derived parameter over time were analyzed, and differences between the two groups at each point were assessed. The associations between the IVIM parameters and IV collagen expression, urine volume (UV), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and serum creatinine (Scr) were investigated.    Results  The D and D* values of CO and the ADC values of CO, OS, IS and IM displayed significantly different trends between the two groups over time ( P <0.05). In addition, significant correlations were discovered between the D* value of CO and UV and BUN ( r =0.527,  P =0.033;  r =0.617,  P =0.005), between the ADC value of IM and BUN ( r =0.557,  P =0.019) and between the  f  value of IM and BUN ( r =0.527,  P =0.033). No correlation was found between IVIM parameters and IV collagen expression and Scr.    Conclusions  IVIM is a potential sensitive and noninvasive technology for the simultaneous assessment of early renal cortical and medullary injuries induced by diabetes.    Supplementary Information  The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12882-021-02530-8.

bmc nephrology

Non-invasive investigation of early kidney damage in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats by intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion-weighted (IVIM) MRI