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Background  Patients in maintenance hemodialysis (HD) need a patent vascular access for optimal treatment. The recommended first choice is a native arteriovenous fistula (AVF). Complications of AVF are frequent and include thrombosis, stenosis and infections leading to worsening of dialysis efficacy. Some known risk factors are age, gender and the presence of diabetes mellitus. The aim was to investigate if further risk variables are associated with dysfunctional AVF.    Methods  This retrospective observational study included 153 chronic HD patients (Cases) referred to a total of 473 radiological investigations due to clinically suspected complications of their native AVF. Another group of chronic HD patients ( n  = 52) who had a native AVF but were without history of previous complications for at least 2 years were controls. Statistical analyses included ANOVA, logistic regression, parametric and non-parametric methods such as Student’s T-test and Mann-Whitney test.    Results  Among Cases, at least one significant stenosis (> 50% of the lumen) was detected in 348 occasions. Subsequent PTA was performed in 248 (71%). Median erythropoiesis-stimulating agent (ESA) weekly doses were higher in Cases than in Controls (8000 vs 5000 IU,  p  < 0.001). Cases received higher doses of intravenous iron/week than the Controls before the investigation (median 50 mg vs 25 mg,  p  = 0.004) and low molecular weight heparin (LMWH,  p  = 0.028). Compared to Controls, Cases had a lower level of parathyroid hormone (median 25 vs 20 ρmol/L,  p  = 0.009). In patients with diabetes mellitus, HbA1c was higher among Cases than Controls (50 vs 38 mmol/mol,  p  < 0.001). Multiple regression analysis revealed significant associations between Cases and female gender, prescription of doxazocin, and doses of ESA and LMWH.  There was no difference between the groups regarding hemoglobin, CRP or ferritin.    Conclusion  In conclusion, the present study indicated that the factors associated with AVF problems were high doses of ESA, iron administration, and tendency of thromboembolism (indicated by high LMWH doses); the use of doxazocin prescription, however, requires further investigation.

The association of erythropoietin-stimulating agents and increased risk for AV-fistula dysfunction in hemodialysis patients. A retrospective analysis