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Background  Galactomannan index (GMI) at a level higher than 0.5 provides high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of fungal peritonitis. Here, we report the false-positive of GMI in peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent (PDE) due to  Rhodococcus  peritonitis in PD patients.    Case presentation  GMI in PDE of case #1 and case #2 were 1.53 and 0.76, respectively, while serum GMI of both cases was less than 0.5. In addition, GMI from the specimens obtained directly from the stationary phase of  Rhodococcus  colonies were 1.27 and 1.56, which were isolated from case #1 and #2, accordingly.    Conclusion  High GMI in PDE of PD patients is not specific just for fungal infections but may also be secondary to other infections, such as  Rhodococcus  spp., especially in endemic areas.

Rhodococcus induced false-positive galactomannan (GM), a biomarker of fungal presentation, in patients with peritoneal dialysis: case reports