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Background  Chronic allograft damage (CAD) is the leading cause of long-term graft dysfunction. A noninvasive method that can diagnose CAD early and monitor its development is needed.    Methods  Kidneys from Fisher rats were transplanted into Lewis rats to establish a CAD model ( n  = 20). The control group underwent syngeneic kidney transplantation ( n  = 20). The serum creatinine of the rats was monitored. At 4, 12, and 20 weeks after modeling, a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination was performed. The apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), pseudo diffusion coefficient (D*), true diffusion coefficient (D) and perfusion fraction (f) of the two groups were analyzed. Chronic allograft damage index (CADI) scoring was used to evaluate the transplanted kidney specimens. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the expression of fibrosis markers in the transplanted kidney tissues and to analyze their correlations with all MRI parameters.    Results  The transplanted kidneys in the experimental group developed CAD changes before the appearance of elevated creatinine. The MRI parameters in the experimental group [ADC (1.460 ± 0.109 VS 2.095 ± 0.319,  P  < 0.001), D (1.435 ± 0.102 VS 1.969 ± 0.305,  P  < 0.001), and f (26.532 ± 2.136 VS 32.255 ± 4.013,  P  < 0.001)] decreased, and D* (20.950 ± 2.273 VS 21.415 ± 1.598,  P  = 0.131) was not significantly different from those in the control group. ADC, D and f were negatively correlated with the CADI and the α-SMA and vimentin expression levels.    Conclusion  Intravoxel incoherent motion  ( IVIM) imaging could detect CAD earlier than creatinine and reflect the degree of fibrosis in grafts quantitatively.

Use of intravoxel incoherent motion imaging to monitor a rat kidney chronic allograft damage model