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Background  Hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) is a classical side effect of antipsychotic drugs primarily attributed to blockade of dopamine D2 receptors (DRD2s) on the membranes of lactotroph cells within the pituitary gland. Certain antipsychotic drugs, e.g. risperidone, are more likely to induce HPRL because of relative accumulation within the adenohypophysis. Nevertheless, due to competition for pituitary DRD2s by high dopamine levels may limit antipsychotic-induced HPRL. Moreover, the activity of prolactin-producing lactotrophs also depends on other hormones which are regulated by the extra-pituitary activity of dopamine receptors, dopamine transporters, enzymes of neurotransmitter metabolism and other factors. Polymorphic variants in the genes coding for these receptors and proteins can have functional significance and influence on the development of hyperprolactinemia.    Methods  A set of 41 SNPs of genes for dopamine receptors  DRD1, DRD2, DRD3, DRD4 , the dopamine transporter  SLC6A3  and dopamine catabolizing enzymes  MAOA  and  MAOB  was investigated in a population of 446 Caucasians (221 males/225 females) with a clinical diagnosis of schizophrenia (according to ICD-10: F20) with and without HPRL who were treated with classical and/or atypical antipsychotic drugs. Additive genetic model was tested and the analysis was carried out in the total group and in subgroup stratified by the use of risperidone/paliperidone.    Results  One statistically significant association between polymorphic variant rs1799836 of  MAOB  gene and HPRL in men was found in the total group. Furthermore, the rs40184 and rs3863145 variants in  SLC6A3  gene appeared to be associated with HPRL in the subgroup of patients using the risperidone/paliperidone, but not with HPRL induced by other antipsychotic drugs.    Conclusions  Our results indicate that genetic variants of  MAOB  and  SLC6A3  may have consequences on the modulation of prolactin secretion. A further search for genetic markers associated with the development of antipsychotic-related hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients is needed.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-019-0773-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc medical genetics

A pharmacogenetic study of patients with schizophrenia from West Siberia gets insight into dopaminergic mechanisms of antipsychotic-induced hyperprolactinemia