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Background  Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is an etiologically complex childhood onset neurobehavioral disorder characterized by age-inappropriate inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Symptom severity varies widely and boys are diagnosed more frequently than girls. ADHD probands were reported to have abnormal transmissions of dopamine, serotonin, and/or noradrenaline. Monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) and B (MAOB), mitochondrial outer membrane bound two isoenzymes, mediate degradation of these neurotransmitters and thus regulating their circulating levels. Case-control analyses in different populations, including Indians, suggested involvement of  MAOA  and  MAOB  genes in the etiology of ADHD. Due to high heritability rate of ADHD, we tested familial transmission of  MAOA  and  MAOB  variants to ADHD probands in 190 nuclear families having ADHD probands from Indo-Caucasoid ethnicity.    Methods  Subjects were recruited following the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th edition (DSM-IV). Appropriate scales were used for measuring the behavioral traits in probands. Genotyping was performed through PCR-based amplification of target sites followed by DNA-sequencing and/or gel-electrophoresis. Data obtained were analyzed by family based statistical methods.    Results  Out of 58 variants present in the analyzed sites only 15 were found to be polymorphic (30 bp-uVNTR, rs5906883, rs1465107, rs1465108, rs5905809, rs5906957, rs6323, rs1137070 from  MAOA  and rs4824562, rs56220155, rs2283728, rs2283727, rs3027441, rs6324, rs3027440 from  MAOB ). Statistically significant maternal transmission of alleles to male probands was observed for  MAOA  rs5905809 ‘ G ’ ( p  = 0.04), rs5906957 ‘ A ’ ( p  = 0.04), rs6323 ‘ G ’ ( p  = 0.0001) and  MAOB  rs56220155 ‘ A ’ ( p  = 0.002), rs2283728 ‘ C ’ ( p  = 0.0008), rs2283727 ‘ C ’ ( p  = 0.0008), rs3027441 ‘ T ’ ( p  = 0.003), rs6324 ‘ C ’ ( p  = 0.003), rs3027440 ‘ T ’ ( p  = 0.0002). Significantly preferential maternal transmissions of different haplotype combinations to male probands were also noticed ( p  < 0.05), while female probands did not reveal such transmission bias. Behavioral traits of male probands exhibited significant association with gene variants. Age of the mother at pregnancy also revealed association with risk variants of male probands.    Conclusions  It may be inferred that the  MAOA  and  MAOB  variants may contribute to the etiology of ADHD in the Indo-Caucasoid population and could be responsible for higher occurrence of ADHD in the boys.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12881-017-0469-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Pilot study indicate role of preferentially transmitted monoamine oxidase gene variants in behavioral problems of male ADHD probands