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Background  We evaluated the associations between single nucleotide polymorphisms and different clinical parameters related to type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), obesity risk, and metabolic syndrome (MS) in a Kazakh cohort.    Methods  A total of 1336 subjects, including 408 T2DM patients and 928 control subjects, were recruited from an outpatient clinic and genotyped for 32 polymorphisms previously associated with T2DM and obesity-related phenotypes in other ethnic groups. For association studies, the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test for binomial variables were used. Logistic regression was conducted to explore associations between the studied SNPs and the risk of developing T2DM, obesity, and MS, after adjustments for age and sex.    Results  After excluding four SNPs due to Hardy-Weinberg disequilibrium, significant associations in age-matched cohorts were found betweenT2DM and the following SNPs: rs9939609 ( FTO ), rs13266634 ( SLC30A8 ), rs7961581 ( TSPAN8/LGR5 ), and rs1799883 ( FABP2 ). In addition, examination of general unmatched T2DM and control cohorts revealed significant associations between T2DM and SNPsrs1799883 ( FABP2 ) and rs9939609 ( FTO ). Furthermore, polymorphisms in the  FTO  gene were associated with increased obesity risk, whereas polymorphisms in the  FTO  and  FABP2  genes were also associated with the risk of developing MS in general unmatched cohorts.    Conclusion  We confirmed associations between polymorphisms within the  SLC30A8, TSPAN8/LGR5, FABP2,  and  FTO  genes and susceptibility to T2DM in a Kazakh cohort, and revealed significant associations with anthropometric and metabolic traits. In particular,  FTO  and  FABP2  gene polymorphisms were significantly associated with susceptibility to MS and obesity in this cohort.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-017-0443-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Association between 28 single nucleotide polymorphisms and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Kazakh population: a case-control study