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Background  The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of  CYP2C19  gene polymorphisms and various environmental factors and their interactions on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) in a Chinese Han population.    Methods  A 1:2 frequency-matched case control study of 285 patients and 570 controls was conducted from June 2010 to May 2011 in AnXi of Fujian province, China. Environmental factors were investigated using a self-administered questionnaire and genotypes were determined using polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism based methods. Unconditional logistic regression models were used for statistical evaluation.    Results  Current or former smoking, consumption of pickled vegetables or hot beverages/food, having a first degree relative with ESCC and history of reflux esophagitis were significantly associated with increased ESCC risk, whereas tea drinking and consumption of fresh vegetables and fruits were significantly associated with decreased risk. The  CYP2C19*2  GA/AA genotype was significantly more prevalent in ESCC patients and individuals with at least one copy of the  CYP2C19*2  A allele had a 3.19-fold increased risk (adjusted 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.21–4.61,  P  < 0.001) of ESCC compared with those without this allele. We found no significant associations between  CYP2C19*3  genotypes and ESCC. The  Cyp2C19*2  polymorphism appeared to have a multiplicative joint effect with tea drinking and hot beverage/food consumption (gene–tea drinking:  P  interaction  = 0.042; hot beverage/food consumption:  P  interaction  = 6.98 × 10 −6 ) and an additive joint effect with pickled vegetable consumption (interaction contrast ratio = 1.96, 95% CI: 0.12–3.80).    Conclusions  Our findings suggest that the  CYP2C19*2  polymorphism plays an important role in the development of ESCC in the Chinese population, modified by tea drinking and consumption of pickled vegetables or hot beverages/food. Further studies are warranted to confirm our results.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12881-015-0156-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc medical genetics

Independent and combined effects of environmental factors and CYP2C19 polymorphisms on the risk of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Fujian Province of China