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Background Kinetic parameters estimated with dynamic  18 F-FDG PET/CT can help to characterize hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We aim to evaluate the feasibility of the gravitational search algorithm (GSA) for kinetic parameter estimation and to propose a dynamic chaotic gravitational search algorithm (DCGSA) to enhance parameter estimation. Methods Five-minute dynamic PET/CT data of 20 HCCs were prospectively enrolled, and the kinetic parameters  k  1  ~  k  4  and the hepatic arterial perfusion index ( HPI ) were estimated with a dual-input three-compartment model based on nonlinear least squares (NLLS), GSA and DCGSA. Results The results showed that there were significant differences between the HCCs and background liver tissues for  k  1 ,  k  4  and the  HPI  of NLLS;  k  1 ,  k  3 ,  k  4  and the  HPI  of GSA; and  k  1 ,  k  2 ,  k  3 ,  k  4  and the  HPI  of DCGSA. DCGSA had a higher diagnostic performance for  k  3  than NLLS and GSA. Conclusions GSA enables accurate estimation of the kinetic parameters of dynamic PET/CT in the diagnosis of HCC, and DCGSA can enhance the diagnostic performance.

Dynamic chaotic gravitational search algorithm-based kinetic parameter estimation of hepatocellular carcinoma on 18F-FDG PET/CT