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Background  Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of excessive inflammation. We aimed to describe the clinical and laboratory findings of HLH patients secondary to Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) and their treatment outcome during a 4-year follow-up period compared to primary HLH.    Method  Forty children with primary HLH confirmed by genetic study and 20 children with HLH secondary to VL confirmed by a blood or bone marrow polymerase chain reaction from 2014 to 2018 in Shiraz, Fars province, Southern Iran, were enrolled.    Results  The median age at diagnosis was 11.5 months (range 1–170), and 56.7% were male. Fever and splenomegaly were the most frequent clinical presentations. 93.3% of the subjects had an HScore > 169, which had a good correlation with HLH-2004 criteria ( r  = 0.371,  P  = 0.004). Patients with primary HLH experienced more thrombocytopenia ( P  = 0.012) and higher alanine transaminase ( P  = 0.016), while patients with VL-associated HLH had higher ferritin ( P  = 0.034) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate ( P  = 0.011). Central nervous system (CNS) involvement occurred in 38.3% of patients. The mortality rate was higher in patients with CNS disease (61% vs. 35%,  P  = 0.051). The 3-yr overall survival rate was 35.9%. (24% in primary HLH and 100% in VL-associated HLH,  P  < 0.001). In Cox regression analysis, platelet count < 100,000/  μ  l (hazard ratio 4.472, 95% confidence interval 1.324–15.107,  P  = 0.016) correlated with increased mortality in patients with primary HLH.    Conclusion  VL is a potential source of secondary HLH in regions with high endemicity. Treatment of the underlying disease in VL-associated HLH is sufficient in most cases, with no need to start etoposide-based chemotherapy.

bmc infectious diseases

Comparison of the clinical features and outcome of children with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) secondary to visceral leishmaniasis and primary HLH: a single-center study