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Background   Staphylococcus aureus  is one of the major causes of bloodstream infections (BSI) worldwide, representing a major challenge for public health due to its resistance profile. Higher vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) in  S. aureus  are associated with treatment failure and defining optimal empiric options for BSIs in settings where these isolates are prevalent is rather challenging. In silico pharmacodynamic models based on stochastic simulations (Monte Carlo) are important tools to estimate best antimicrobial regimens in different scenarios. We aimed to compare the pharmacodynamic profiles of different antimicrobials regimens for the treatment of  S. aureus  BSI in an environment with high vancomycin MIC.    Methods  Steady-state drug area under the curve ratio to MIC (AUC/MIC) or the percent time above MIC ( f T > MIC) were modeled using a 5000-patient Monte Carlo simulation to achieve pharmacodynamic exposures against 110 consecutive  S. aureus  isolates associated with BSI.    Results  Cumulative fractions of response (CFRs) against all  S. aureus  isolates were 98% for ceftaroline; 79% and 92% for daptomycin 6 mg/kg q24h and for the high dose of 10 mg/kg q24h, respectively; 77% for linezolid 600 mg q12h when MIC was read according to CLSI M100-S26 instructions, and 64% when MIC was considered at the total growth inhibition; 65% and 86% for teicoplanin, three loading doses of 400 mg q12 h followed by 400 mg q24 h and for teicoplanin 400 mg q12 h, respectively; 61% and 76% for vancomycin 1000 mg q12 h and q8 h, respectively.    Conclusions  Based on this model, ceftaroline and high-dose daptomycin regimens delivered best pharmacodynamic exposures against  S. aureus  BSIs. Teicoplanin higher dose regimen achieved the best CFR (86%) among glycopeptides, although optimal threshold was not achieved, and vancomycin performance was critically affected by the  S. aureus  vancomycin MIC ≥2 mg/L. Linezolid effectiveness (CFR of 73%) is also affected by high prevalence of isolates with linezolid MIC ≥2 mg/L. These data show the need to continually evaluate the pharmacodynamic profiles of antimicrobials for empiric treatment of these infections.

bmc infectious diseases

Pharmacodynamic comparison of different antimicrobial regimens against Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections with elevated vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration