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Background  Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin plays an important role in the treatment of patients with severe refractory human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-associated Kaposi sarcoma (KS). High cumulative doses of conventional doxorubicin exceeding 500 mg/m 2  are known to cause cardiac toxicity. However, the safe cumulative dose of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin is unclear.    Case presentation  A 40-year-old Japanese man with HIV infection presented with pain, edema, and multiple skin nodules on both legs which worsened over several months. He was diagnosed with HIV-associated KS. He received long-term pegylated liposomal doxorubicin combined with antiretroviral therapy for advanced, progressive KS. The cumulative dose of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin reached 980 mg/m 2 . The patient’s left ventricular ejection fraction remained unchanged from baseline during treatment. After he died as a result of cachexia and wasting, caused by recurrent sepsis and advanced KS, an autopsy specimen of his heart revealed little or no evidence of histological cardiac damage. We also conducted a literature review focusing on histological changes of the myocardium in patients treated with a cumulative dose of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin exceeding 500 mg/m 2 .    Conclusions  This case report and literature review suggest that high (> 500 mg/m 2 ) cumulative doses of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin may be used without significant histological/clinical cardiac toxicity in patients with HIV-associated KS.

bmc infectious diseases

Histological evidence for the cardiac safety of high-dose pegylated liposomal doxorubicin in a patient with HIV-associated Kaposi sarcoma: a case report and literature review