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Background   Pandoraea  species is a newly described genus, which is multidrug resistant and difficult to identify. Clinical isolates are mostly cultured from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. CF is a rare disease in China, which makes  Pandoraea  a total stranger to Chinese physicians.  Pandoraea  genus is reported as an emerging pathogen in CF patients in most cases. However, there are few pieces of evidence that confirm  Pandoraea  can be more virulent in non-CF patients. The pathogenicity of  Pandoraea  genus is poorly understood, as well as its treatment. The incidence of  Pandoraea  induced infection in non-CF patients may be underestimated and it’s important to identify and understand these organisms.    Case presentation  We report a 44-years-old man who suffered from pneumonia and died eventually. Before his condition deteriorated, a Gram-negative bacilli was cultured from his sputum and identified as  Pandoraea Apista  by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS).    Conclusion   Pandoraea  spp. is an emerging opportunistic pathogen. The incidences of  Pandoraea  related infection in non-CF patients may be underestimated due to the difficulty of identification. All strains of  Pandoraea  show multi-drug resistance and highly variable susceptibility. To better treatment, species-level identification and antibiotic susceptibility test are necessary.

Pneumonia due to Pandoraea Apista after evacuation of traumatic intracranial hematomas:a case report and literature review