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Background  Vitamin D levels are associated with the extent of mycobactericidal activity. Interleukin (IL)-15 and IL-32 play roles in the vitamin D-mediated tuberculosis (TB) defense mechanism. Vitamin D induces IL-1β, which plays an important role in terms of resistance to TB. We evaluated whether the levels of vitamin D-related cytokines distinguished between those with active TB and latent TB infection (LTBI).    Methods  In total, 50 TB-infected patients (25 with active TB and 25 with LTBI following a TB outbreak in a high school) were enrolled. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D), IL-15, IL-32, and IL-1β levels were measured via enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays.  Mycobacterium tuberculosis -specific antigen-induced and unstimulated cytokine levels were measured in the supernatants of the QuantiFERON TB Gold-In-Tube (QFT-GIT) assay.    Results  Plasma 25(OH)D and plasma IL-15 levels were lower in patients with active TB than in LTBI subjects (25(OH)D: 16.64 ng/mL vs. 21.6 ng/mL,  P  = 0.031; IL-15: 148.9 pg/mL vs. 189.8 pg/mL,  P  = 0.013). Plasma 25(OH)D levels correlated with the plasma levels of IL-15 and IL-1β in TB-infected patients. In addition, the plasma 25(OH)D levels correlated positively with the level of unstimulated IL-15 (IL-15 nil ) and negatively with that of TB antigen-stimulated IL-32 (IL-32 TB ) in QFT-GIT supernatants. Although the IL-15 nil  and IL-15 TB  levels were higher in LTBI subjects than patients with active TB, the IL-32 nil  and IL-32 TB  levels were higher in the latter patients. A combination of the IL-15 nil  and IL-32 TB  levels accurately predicted 91.3% of active TB patients and latent subjects, with an area under the curve of 0.964.    Conclusions  Our preliminary data showed that the levels of the vitamin D-related cytokines IL-15 and IL-32 differed between active TB patients and LTBI subjects. This result might be used as a basic data for developing biomarkers distinguishing between active TB and LTBI.

Levels of vitamin D-associated cytokines distinguish between active and latent tuberculosis following a tuberculosis outbreak