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Background  HIV-2 infection is characterised by a longer asymptomatic phase and slower AIDS progression than HIV-1 infection. Identifying unique immune signatures associated with HIV-2 pathogenesis may thus provide therapeutically useful insight into the management of HIV infection. This study examined the dynamics of the CD4 + T cell compartment, critical in disease progression, focussing on chronic HIV-2 and HIV-1 infected individuals at various stages of disease progression.    Methods  A total of 111 participants including untreated and treated HIV infected individuals and seronegative individuals were enrolled in this study. The relative proportion of CD4 + T cell subsets, expressing CD25 (IL-2Rα) and CD127 (IL-7R), in HIV infected individuals and seronegative controls were assessed by multiparametric flow cytometry. Additionally, levels of immune activation and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in both the CD4 + T and CD8 + T cell compartments was evaluated.    Results  Both treated and untreated, HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected individuals showed apparent dysregulation in CD4 +  T cell subset frequency that was associated with disease progression. Furthermore, longitudinal sampling from a group of HIV-1 infected individuals on virologically effective ART showed no significant change in dysregulated CD4 + T cell subset frequency. For both ART naïve and receiving groups associations with disease progression were strongest and significant with CD4 +  T cell subset frequency compared to per cell expression of IL-2Rα and IL-7Rα. In untreated HIV-2 infected individuals, T cell activation was lower compared to ART naïve HIV-1 infected individuals and higher than seronegative individuals. Also, the level of Granzyme-B expressing circulating T cells was higher in both ART-naïve HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected individuals compared to seronegative controls.    Conclusion  Dysregulation of IL-2 and IL-7 homeostasis persists in CD4 + T cell subsets irrespective of presence or absence of viremia or antiretroviral therapy in HIV infection. Furthermore, we report for the first time on levels of circulating Granzyme-B expressing CD4 + T and CD8 + T cells in chronic HIV-2 infection. Lower immune activation in these individuals indicates that persistent immune activation driven CD4 + T cell depletion, as observed in untreated HIV-1 infected individuals, may not be as severe and provides evidence for a disparate pathogenesis mechanism. Our work also supports novel immunomodulatory therapeutic strategies for both HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3743-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Immune signatures for HIV-1 and HIV-2 induced CD4+T cell dysregulation in an Indian cohort