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Background  The use of probiotics to improve anti-microbial defence, such as for influenza infections, is increasingly recommended. However, no data are available on the effect of probiotics on flu-associated secondary bacterial infections. There is strong evidence of a spatiotemporal association between influenza virus infection and invasive  Neisseria meningitidis . We thus investigated the effect of feeding mice  Lactobacillus paracasei  CNCM I-1518 in a mouse model of sequential influenza-meningococcal infection.    Methods  We intranasally infected BALB/c mice with a strain of influenza A virus (IAV) H3N2 that was first adapted to mice. Seven days later, a secondary bacterial infection was induced by intranasal administration of bioluminescent  N. meningitidis . During the experiment, mice orally received either  L. paracasei  CNCM I-1518 or PBS as a control. The effect of  L. paracasei  administration on secondary bacterial infection by  N. meningitidis  was evaluated.    Results  Oral consumption of  L. paracasei  CNCM I-1518 reduced the weight loss of infected mice and lowered the bioluminescent signal of infecting meningococci. This improvement was associated with higher recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells, such as interstitial monocytes and dendritic cells, to the lungs.    Conclusions  Our data highlight the role of the gut-lung axis . L. paracasei  CNCM I-1518 may boost the defence against IAV infection and secondary bacterial infection, which should be further studied and validated in clinical trials.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-018-3086-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Lactobacillus paracasei feeding improves the control of secondary experimental meningococcal infection in flu-infected mice