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Background  HIV-infected (HIVI) men who have sex with men (MSM) may transmit HIV to their sero-discordant sex partner/s. This study assesses the knowledge, attitudes and sex-practices of Israeli HIVI-MSM.    Methods  This cross-sectional study compared HIVI-MSM to self-reported HIV-uninfected (HIVU) MSM by using anonymous questionnaires that were distributed in AIDS-treatment centers and gay-related internet-sites in 2015. Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) in the last 6 months was the outcome variable.    Results  Of 300 HIVI-MSM and 1299 HIVU-MSM, UAI with sero-discordant/unknown-status partner/s was performed by 12.1% and 17.9%, respectively,  p =0.02. UAI with sero-discordant/unknown-status among HIVI-MSM and HIVU-MSM was associated with the type of partnership: 37.7%  vs . 52.4% for steady partner/s, 19.0%  vs . 39.9% for sex-buddies and 23.5%  vs . 24.0% for casual partner/s ( p <0.001,  p =0.01,  p =0.6), respectively. On these occasions, HIVI-MSM were more likely to be receptive during UAI: 92.3%, 87.5% and 83.3% for steady partner/s, sex buddies and casual partner/s, respectively. In cases HIVI-MSM performed UAI, 31.3% expected their partner/s to share responsibility for condom-use  vs . 9.7% of HIVU-MSM.  HIVI-MSM were involved in risky sexual-behaviors, such as substances-use, earlier sexual debut and sex for money. HIVI-MSM were more likely to disclose their HIV-status with their partner before sex and demonstrated better knowledge about HIV-transmission than HIVU-MSM.    Conclusion  HIVI-MSM performed UAI with sero-discordant/unknown-status partner/s less frequently than HIVU-MSM. Their condom-use practices were associated with the type of partner, and were lower for casual  vs . steady partners or sex-buddies. HIVI-MSM tended to use sero-adaptive strategies to reduce the potential risk of HIV-transmission to their sero-discordant/unknown-status partner/s.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2782-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

HIV infected men who have sex with men in Israel: knowledge, attitudes and sexual behavior