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Background  The purpose of this study was to determine the shifting trends in bacteriology and antimicrobial resistance of infectious specimens isolated from gastrointestinal (GI) fistula patients over eight years in China.    Methods  We retrospectively reviewed the microbial records of intra-abdominal specimens at a teaching hospital from 2008 to 2015. Study period was divided into the first half (2008–2011) and the second half (2012–2015). All isolates underwent antibiotic susceptibility testing by the micro dilution method.    Results  A total of 874 intra-abdominal isolates were consecutively collected from 502 GI fistula patients (mean age, 46.5 years, 71.1% male) during the study period. Patients in the second study period (2012–2015) were older (>65 years) and more likely to have experienced cancer. Over the entire study period, most infections were caused by  E. coli  (24.2%) and  K. pneumonia  (14.1%). There was a significant decrease in the proportion  E. coli  isolates that were extended- spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-positive ( P  = 0.026). The proportion of  E. coli  resistant to imipenem increased from 14.3% in 2008–2011 to 25.9% in 2012–2015 ( P  = 0.037). Imipenem resistance prevalence was higher in ESBL-negative bacteria than ESBL-positive bacteria for both  E. coli  and  K. pneumonia  ( P  < 0.001). In  Enterococcus , significant increase in resistance to ampicillin ( P  = 0.01) and moxifloxacin (P = 0.02) over time were observed. In  Staphylococcus  and fungi, rates of antibiotic resistance did not significantly change over the study period.    Conclusions  Gram-negative bacteria predominated as causative agents of intra-abdominal infections in GI fistula patients, and there was an increase in levels of resistance to certain antibiotics, particularly carbapenems. Infection control and source control are important tools available to surgeons to prevent the emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-017-2744-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc infectious diseases

Shifting trends in bacteriology and antimicrobial resistance among gastrointestinal fistula patients in China: an eight-year review in a tertiary-care hospital