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Background  This study aims to identify dengue neutralizing antibody response in patients with dengue from a well-characterized cohort during an outbreak in central Brazil, 2012–2013.    Methods  We analyzed paired samples from 40 patients with severe dengue and 20 patients with dengue. Eligibility criteria were: IgM, NS1Ag and/or RT-PCR positivity and positive IgG result. Plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT 50 ) from DENV-1 to DENV-4 was performed to identify serotype-specific NAbs response. An infecting serotype was defined as ≥4-fold increase in DENV NAbs in paired samples. Monotypic response was classified as PRNT 50  ≥ 1/20 to only one DENV serotype, and multitypic response was considered to be PRNT 50  ≥ 1/20 to two or more serotypes simultaneously.    Results  Patients were mainly adults. Virological dengue infection was confirmed by RT-PCR: DENV-4( n  = 14) and DENV-1( n  = 10). Forty-four out of 60(73.3 %) patients had NAbs to DENV-4, DENV-1(68.3 %), DENV-2(68.3 %) and DENV-3(61.6 %) respectively. Fifteen percent of the cases presented monotypic response, whereas 85 % had multitypic response. DENV-4 infected-patients presented the greatest difference in PRNT 50  titers compared with other serotypes. Pre-existing DENV NAbs was not correlated with disease severity. This was the first time that DENV-4 was implicated in an epidemic in the region.    Conclusion  Our data indicates high exposure of multiple DENV serotypes in all age groups in the pre-dengue vaccine era and also previous to Zika virus introduction in Brazil.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1867-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

High frequency of pre-existing neutralizing antibody responses in patients with dengue during an outbreak in Central Brazil