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Background  Gram-negative bacilli are a cause of serious infections in the pediatric population. Carbapenem are the treatment of choice for infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacilli, but the emergence of carbapenem resistance has substantially reduced access to effective antimicrobial regimens. Children are a population vulnerable to bacterial infections and the emergence of resistance can worsen prognosis. The aim of this study is to describe the clinical and molecular characteristics of infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli in pediatric patients from five tertiary-care hospitals in Medellín, Colombia.    Methods  A cross-sectional study was conducted in five tertiary-care hospitals from June 2012 to June 2014. All pediatric patients infected by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacilli were included. Clinical information for each patient was obtained from medical records. Molecular analyses included PCR for detection of  bla  VIM ,  bla  IMP  bla  NDM,  bla  OXA-48  and  bla  KPC  genes and PFGE and MLST for molecular typing.    Results  A total of 59 patients were enrolled, most of them less than 1 year old (40.7 %  n  = 24), with a previous history of antibiotic use (94.9 %;  n  = 56) and healthcare-associated infections - predominately urinary tract infections (31.0 %;  n  = 18).  Klebsiella pneumoniae  was the most frequent bacteria (47.4 %), followed by  Enterobacter cloacae  (40.7 %) and  Pseudomonas aeruginosa  (11.9 %). For  K. pneumoniae , KPC was the predominant resistance mechanism (85.7 %;  n  = 24) and ST14 was the most common clone (39.3 %  n  = 11), which included strains closely related by PFGE. In contrast,  E. cloacae  and  P. aeruginosa  were prevailing non-carbapenemase-producing isolates (only KPC and VIM were detected in 1 and 3 isolates, respectively) and high genetic diversity according to PFGE and MLST was found in the majority of the cases.    Conclusions  In recent years, increasing carbapenem-resistant bacilli in children has become in a matter of great concern. It is important to conduct systemic surveillance and take measures to prevent dissemination of multidrug-resistant bacteria.

bmc infectious diseases

Molecular epidemiology of carbapenem resistant gram-negative bacilli from infected pediatric population in tertiary - care hospitals in Medellín, Colombia: an increasing problem