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Background  The presence of IgG and IgM against Tat, an HIV protein important for viral replication and immune dysfunction, is associated with slow disease progression in clade B HIV-infected individuals. However, although Tat activities strictly depend on the viral clade, our knowledge about the importance of anti-Tat antibodies in non-clade B HIV infection is poor. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of different anti-Tat antibody isotypes with disease progression in non-clade B HIV-infected subjects and to study the relationship between anti-Tat humoral responses and immunological abnormalities.    Methods  Anti-clade B and -clade C Tat IgG, IgM and IgA titers were assessed in serum samples from 96 cART-naïve subjects with chronic HIV infection from Mbeya, Tanzania, and associated with CD4 +  T cell count, plasma viremia and CD4 +  and CD8 +  T cell phenotypes.    Results  Anti-Tat IgM were preferentially detected in chronic HIV-infected subjects with low T cell activation ( p-v alue = 0.03) and correlated with higher CD4 +  T cell counts and lower viral loads irrespective of the duration of infection ( p- value = 0.019 and  p- value = 0.037 respectively). Conversely, anti-Tat IgA were preferentially detected in individuals with low CD4 +  T cell counts and high viral load ( p- value = 0.02 and  p- value < 0.001 respectively). The simultaneous presence of anti-Tat IgG and IgM protected from fast CD4 +  T cell decline ( p- value < 0.01) and accumulation of CD38 + HLADR + CD8 +  T cells ( p-  value = 0.029).    Conclusions  Anti-Tat IgG alone are not protective in non-clade B infected subjects, unless concomitant with IgM, suggesting a protective role of persistent anti-Tat IgM irrespective of the infecting clade.    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1647-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Association between different anti-Tat antibody isotypes and HIV disease progression: data from an African cohort