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Background  Microorganisms causing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be categorised into viral, typical and atypical ( Legionella  species,  Coxiella burnetii ,  Mycoplasma pneumoniae , and  Chlamydia  species). Extensive microbiological testing to identify the causative microorganism is not standardly recommended, and empiric treatment does not always cover atypical pathogens. In order to optimize epidemiologic knowledge of CAP and to improve empiric antibiotic choice, we investigated whether atypical microorganisms are associated with a particular season or with the patient characteristics age, gender, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).    Methods  A data-analysis was performed on databases from four prospective studies, which all included adult patients hospitalised with CAP in the Netherlands ( N  = 980). All studies performed extensive microbiological testing.    Results  A main causative agent was identified in 565/980 (57.7 %) patients. Of these, 117 (20.7 %) were atypical microorganisms. This percentage was 40.4 % (57/141) during the non-respiratory season (week 20 to week 39, early May to early October), and 67.2 % (41/61) for patients under the age of 60 during this season. Factors that were associated with atypical causative agents were: CAP acquired in the non-respiratory season (odds ratio (OR) 4.3, 95 % CI 2.68–6.84), age <60 year (OR 2.9, 95 % CI 1.83–4.66), male gender (OR 1.7, 95 % CI 1.06–2.71) and absence of COPD (OR 0.2, 95 % CI 0.12–0.52).    Conclusions  Atypical causative agents in CAP are associated with respectively non-respiratory season, age <60 years, male gender and absence of COPD. Therefore, to maximise its yield, extensive microbiological testing should be considered in patients <60 years old who are admitted with CAP from early May to early October.    Trial registration   NCT00471640 ,  NCT00170196  (numbers of original studies).    Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1641-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

bmc infectious diseases

Atypical aetiology in patients hospitalised with community-acquired pneumonia is associated with age, gender and season; a data-analysis on four Dutch cohorts